Description

“The onset of bipolar disorder can be attributed to genetic loads of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and sequence variations that directly affect ion channel genes. Calcium, sodium, and potassium ion channels are a part of the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for regulating dopaminergic neuron firing along with the release of dopamine in both mesolimbic and meso-cortical circuits that cause weak impulse control and altered motivational reward processing found in BD patients. Studies have found that the manipulation of calcium ion channels can change how much dopaminergic neurons are found in different areas of the brain. Additionally, when potassium ions are decreased, excitability of dopamine and calcium levels are increased, which allows for a buildup of both dopamine and metabolites. These subjects were found to have elevated locomotion and deficits in sensory gating and attention, which are hallmark symptoms found in patients with mania in BD (Balaraman et. al., 2015)”.

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