1. Label the following on this single stranded DNA molecule:

1. Phosphodiester bond
2. Deoxyribose sugar

iii. Nitrogenous bases

1. 5’ end
2. 3’ end

B What type of interaction will the bases of this strand have with a complementary strand of DNA?

Which of the sequences (A-D) are complementary to the target sequence?

QUESTION 2

Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).

List the events that need to occur for this gene to be used to make a protein. Your list should should be as detailed as you can make it based on what you recall about how genes are expressed to make proteins.

QUESTION 8

Transcription start site

QUESTION 3

Translation stop site

Transcription stop site

Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).

A represents a single base-pair substitution mutation. This mutation will:

MUTATION A:

1. Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
2. No change to RNA or protein sequence
3. Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
4. No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence

QUESTION 8

Transcription start site

QUESTION 4

Translation stop site

A

Transcription stop site

Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).

B represents a 10 base-pair deletion mutation. This mutation will:

MUTATION B:

1. Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
2. No change to RNA or protein sequence
3. Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
4. No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence

QUESTION 8

Transcription

start site

QUESTION 5

Translation stop site

B

Transcription

stop site

Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).

.

C represents a 3 base

-pair insertion mutation. This mutation will:

MUTATION C:

1. Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
2. No change to RNA or protein sequence
3. Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
4. No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence

QUESTION 8

Transcription

start site

QUESTION 6

Translation stop site

C

Transcription

stop site

A double stranded sequence of DNA is shown below.

5’ GGGTATCCC 3’

3’ CCCATAGGG 5’

Note: “transcribed” below is referring to the direction that the RNA polymerase is moving*

Hypothetically, if either strand could be transcribed, we state that:

1. The two DNA strands are transcribed from left to right
2. The two DNA strands are transcribed from right to left
3. Transcription of the upper DNA strand will go from left to right and the lower DNA strand is

transcribed from right to left

1. The direction of transcription depends on which strand DNA polymerase binds to
2. Transcription of the upper DNA strand will go from right to left and the lower DNA strand is

transcribed from left to right

QUESTION 7

The protein thorain is encoded by the gene thrL, and thorain

is a negative regulator of the thrMN operon. Assume there is

no other regulation taking place. Predict the phenotype of a

thrL- mutant that encodes a nonfunctional thrL protein.

1. The thrM and thrN genes would be transcribed at higher

levels compared to non-mutant

1. The thrM and thrN genes would be transcribed all lower

levels compared to non-mutant

1. The thrM and thrN genes would not be transcribed

QUESTION 8

The TreL gene is normally transcribed in skin cells, but

not in muscle cells. This difference could be because

(select any/all that apply):

1. A transcription factor that activates TreL expression in

skin cells is absent in muscle cells.

1. The sequence of DNA bases within the TreL promoter

is different in skin and muscle cells.

1. The coding sequence of the gene is mutated in

muscle cells but not skin cells.

1. The TreL gene is found within the genome of skin

cells, but not within the genome of muscle cells.

QUESTION 9

A deletion mutation removes the start codon of a gene.

Which of the following processes will subsequently be

affected?

1. Transcription will not occur (the mRNA will not be

produced)

1. Translation will not occur (the protein will not be

produced)

1. DNA replication
2. DNA replication and transcription
3. DNA replication, transcription, and translation

QUESTION 10

During translation, the tRNA molecule carrying the correct

amino acid corresponding to its anticodon sequence must

base

-pair with the codon of the mRNA. What would happen

in the case where the wrong anticodon successfully binds to a

codon?

1. A wrong amino acid will be added to the protein
2. The amino acid will not be added to the protein
3. No protein would be made
4. The protein would still be made, but at lower levels
5. The protein would be unaffected

QUESTION 11

Suppose that a single DNA base change of an A to a T occurs and

is copied during replication. Is this change necessarily a

mutation?

1. Yes, if the base change occurs in a gamete (sperm or egg cell);

otherwise no.

1. Yes, if the base change occurs in the coding part of a gene;

otherwise no.

1. Yes, if the base change occurs in the coding part of a gene and

alters the amino acid sequence of a protein; otherwise no.

1. Yes, if the base change alters the appearance of the organism

(phenotype); otherwise no.

1. Yes, it is a change in the DNA sequence.

QUESTION 12

Which of the following DNA mutations is the most likely to result

in a shorter than normal mRNA

?

1. A substitution mutation at position 50 resulting in no

change in the amino acid sequence

1. A substitution mutation at position 53 resulting in the UGA

stop codon

1. A substitution mutation at position 58 resulting in an amino

acid substitution

1. All of the above.
2. None of the above.

Below is an mRNA sequence of a gene. The first triplet of nucleotides

AAU (underlined) is in frame for coding, and encodes Asparagine.

50 53 58

5’

—AAU GAA UGG GAG CCU GAA GGA G

–3’

QUESTION 13

Match the enzyme to the process:

1. DNA polymerase
2. RNA polymerase
3. Reverse transcriptase
4. DNA Ligase
5. Endonuclease
6. Cutting the phosphodiester

backbone of DNA

2. Synthesizing a DNA molecule from

a DNA template

3. Synthesizing an RNA molecule

from a DNA template

4. Synthesizing a DNA molecule from

an RNA template

5. Synthesizes an RNA molecule from

an RNA template

6. Catalyzes the formation of a

phosphodiester bond

QUESTION 14

Because DNA polymerase must add new nucleotides to a

3’OH, what is required for DNA replication to occur?

1. Ligase
2. RNA polymerase
3. Reverse transcriptase
4. Endonuclease
5. A primer

QUESTION 15

Below is the double-stranded DNA sequence for a hypothetical and

very tiny gene. The promoter is coloured in yellow. The transcription

start site is indicated by the bent arrow. The DNA sequence coding for

the start codon is bolded.

After the start codon, what is the amino acid

sequence of the resulting protein?

A condensed codon table is provided.

1. Glutamine-Serine
2. Valine-Arginine
3. Glycine-Leucine
4. Proline-Aspartate

5 ’- CTATAAAGAGCCATGCAGTCC -3 ’

3 ’- GATATTTCTCGGTACGTCAGG -5 ’

QUESTION 16

You have identified a previously unknown human gene that appears to

have a role in cell division. It is similar enough in DNA sequence to a

known yeast gene, cdc2, that you believe the two genes may be

evolutionarily related. You determine and compare the DNA sequences,

the predicted mRNA sequences, and the predicted amino acid

sequences corresponding to the two genes. From these comparisons,

you would expect to find the greatest sequence similarity between the

human and yeast:

1. DNA sequences.
2. amino acid sequences.
3. mRNA sequences.
4. All three comparisons are likely to show the same degree of

sequence similarity.

QUESTION 17

A haploid species has a gene on chromosome 2 which

codes for lactase. In nature, four different alleles of the

lactase gene have been identified. How many different

alleles could you find in the genome of a single individual

of this species?

A.

1

B.

2

C.

3

D.

4

1. More than 4

QUESTION 18

QUESTION 19

Rainbow Trout are known to grow rapidly in 14°C water but you

want to know whether they could be efficiently farmed in other

temperatures. So, as a fisheries biologist, you ask whether

differences in water temperature affect growth (weight gain).

Over 8 months, you will test 50 fish in 8°C, 14°C, and room

temperature water, in a controlled laboratory setting.

Which of the following represents the control group/groups in

this experiment?

1. The 8°C water temperature group
2. The 14°C water temperature group
3. Both the 8°C and 14°C water temperature treatment groups
4. The room temperature water group
5. Both the 14°C and the room temperature groups

How many of the following four potential hypotheses can be tested in this

experiment?

H1: Varying water temperature will have no effect on trout growth

H2: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth

H3: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth, such that

trout will gain more weight in warmer temperatures compared to colder ones

H4: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth, such that

trout will only gain more weight in the warmest temperature compared to the

very coldest one

1. You can only test two of these hypotheses
2. You can only test three of these hypotheses (H1 and H2, as well as H3 or

H4)

1. You can only test three of these hypotheses (H1 or H2, as well as H3 and

H4)

1. You can test all four of these hypotheses

QUESTION 20

Which pair of dotplots provides the strongest statistical

evidence that the Training group ran faster (small times), on

average, than the No Training group?

QUESTION 21

A B

C D

QUESTION 22

A particular growth factor can stimulate many

types of cells to undergo cell division. A potential

inhibitor of this growth factor is tested on cultures

of epithelial cells grown in vitro. Culture dishes of

epithelial cells are treated with different

experimental conditions for two days and the

amount of cell division is assessed by counting the

number of cells in each dish (all dishes started with

same number of cells).

1 – growth medium alone (no additions)

2 – medium plus 100 ng/ml growth factor

3 – medium plus 10 µg/ml inhibitor

4 – medium plus 100 ng/ml growth factor and 10

µg/ml inhibitor

Which claim is supported by the results of the experiment?

1. The inhibitor does not block growth stimulation via the growth factor
2. The inhibitor blocks growth stimulation via the growth factor
3. The inhibitor partially blocks growth stimulation via the growth factor
4. We cannot determine if the inhibitor blocks growth stimulation via the growth

factor

Explain in two-three sentences the reason for your choice

1. Label the following on this single

–

stranded DNA molecule:

1. Phosphodiester bond
2. Deoxyribose sugar

iii. Nitrogenous bases

1. 5’ end
2. 3’ end

B What type of interaction will the

bases of this strand have with a

complementary strand of DNA?

Which of the sequences (A-D) are complementary to the

target sequence?

QUESTION 2

Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).

List the events that need to occur for this gene to be used to make

a protein. Your list should should be as detailed as you can make it

based on what you recall about how genes are expressed to make

proteins.

QUESTION 8

Transcription

start site

QUESTION 3

Translation stop site

Transcription

stop site

Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).

.

A represents a single base

-pair substitution mutation. This mutation will:

MUTATION A:

1. Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
2. No change to RNA or protein sequence
3. Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
4. No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence

QUESTION 8

Transcription

start site

QUESTION 4

Translation stop site

A

Transcription

stop site

Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).

.

B represents a 10 base

-pair deletion mutation. This mutation will:

MUTATION B:

1. Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
2. No change to RNA or protein sequence
3. Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
4. No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence

QUESTION 8

Transcription

start site

QUESTION 5

Translation stop site

B

Transcription

stop site

Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).

.

C represents a 3 base

-pair insertion mutation. This mutation will:

MUTATION C:

1. Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
2. No change to RNA or protein sequence
3. Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
4. No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence

QUESTION 8

Transcription

start site

QUESTION 6

Translation stop site

C

Transcription

stop site

A double stranded sequence of DNA is shown below.

5’ GGGTATCCC 3’

3’ CCCATAGGG 5’

Note: “transcribed” below is referring to the direction that the RNA polymerase is moving*

Hypothetically, if either strand could be transcribed, we state that:

1. The two DNA strands are transcribed from left to right
2. The two DNA strands are transcribed from right to left
3. Transcription of the upper DNA strand will go from left to right and the lower DNA strand is

transcribed from right to left

1. The direction of transcription depends on which strand DNA polymerase binds to
2. Transcription of the upper DNA strand will go from right to left and the lower DNA strand is

transcribed from left to right

QUESTION 7

The protein thorain is encoded by the gene thrL, and thorain

is a negative regulator of the thrMN operon. Assume there is

no other regulation taking place. Predict the phenotype of a

thrL- mutant that encodes a nonfunctional thrL protein.

1. The thrM and thrN genes would be transcribed at higher

levels compared to non-mutant

1. The thrM and thrN genes would be transcribed all lower

levels compared to non-mutant

1. The thrM and thrN genes would not be transcribed

QUESTION 8

The TreL gene is normally transcribed in skin cells, but

not in muscle cells. This difference could be because

(select any/all that apply):

1. A transcription factor that activates TreL expression in

skin cells is absent in muscle cells.

1. The sequence of DNA bases within the TreL promoter

is different in skin and muscle cells.

1. The coding sequence of the gene is mutated in

muscle cells but not skin cells.

1. The TreL gene is found within the genome of skin

cells, but not within the genome of muscle cells.

QUESTION 9

A deletion mutation removes the start codon of a gene.

Which of the following processes will subsequently be

affected?

1. Transcription will not occur (the mRNA will not be

produced)

1. Translation will not occur (the protein will not be

produced)

1. DNA replication
2. DNA replication and transcription
3. DNA replication, transcription, and translation

QUESTION 10

During translation, the tRNA molecule carrying the correct

amino acid corresponding to its anticodon sequence must

base

-pair with the codon of the mRNA. What would happen

in the case where the wrong anticodon successfully binds to a

codon?

1. A wrong amino acid will be added to the protein
2. The amino acid will not be added to the protein
3. No protein would be made
4. The protein would still be made, but at lower levels
5. The protein would be unaffected

QUESTION 11

Suppose that a single DNA base change of an A to a T occurs and

is copied during replication. Is this change necessarily a

mutation?

1. Yes, if the base change occurs in a gamete (sperm or egg cell);

otherwise no.

1. Yes, if the base change occurs in the coding part of a gene;

otherwise no.

1. Yes, if the base change occurs in the coding part of a gene and

alters the amino acid sequence of a protein; otherwise no.

1. Yes, if the base change alters the appearance of the organism

(phenotype); otherwise no.

1. Yes, it is a change in the DNA sequence.

QUESTION 12

Which of the following DNA mutations is the most likely to result

in a shorter than normal mRNA

?

1. A substitution mutation at position 50 resulting in no

change in the amino acid sequence

1. A substitution mutation at position 53 resulting in the UGA

stop codon

1. A substitution mutation at position 58 resulting in an amino

acid substitution

1. All of the above.
2. None of the above.

Below is an mRNA sequence of a gene. The first triplet of nucleotides

AAU (underlined) is in frame for coding, and encodes Asparagine.

50 53 58

5’

—AAU GAA UGG GAG CCU GAA GGA G

–3’

QUESTION 13

Match the enzyme to the process:

1. DNA polymerase
2. RNA polymerase
3. Reverse transcriptase
4. DNA Ligase
5. Endonuclease
6. Cutting the phosphodiester

backbone of DNA

2. Synthesizing a DNA molecule from

a DNA template

3. Synthesizing an RNA molecule

from a DNA template

4. Synthesizing a DNA molecule from

an RNA template

5. Synthesizes an RNA molecule from

an RNA template

6. Catalyzes the formation of a

phosphodiester bond

QUESTION 14

Because DNA polymerase must add new nucleotides to a

3’OH, what is required for DNA replication to occur?

1. Ligase
2. RNA polymerase
3. Reverse transcriptase
4. Endonuclease
5. A primer

QUESTION 15

Below is the double-stranded DNA sequence for a hypothetical and

very tiny gene. The promoter is coloured in yellow. The transcription

start site is indicated by the bent arrow. The DNA sequence coding for

the start codon is bolded.

After the start codon, what is the amino acid

sequence of the resulting protein?

A condensed codon table is provided.

1. Glutamine-Serine
2. Valine-Arginine
3. Glycine-Leucine
4. Proline-Aspartate

5 ’- CTATAAAGAGCCATGCAGTCC -3 ’

3 ’- GATATTTCTCGGTACGTCAGG -5 ’

QUESTION 16

You have identified a previously unknown human gene that appears to

have a role in cell division. It is similar enough in DNA sequence to a

known yeast gene, cdc2, that you believe the two genes may be

evolutionarily related. You determine and compare the DNA sequences,

the predicted mRNA sequences, and the predicted amino acid

sequences corresponding to the two genes. From these comparisons,

you would expect to find the greatest sequence similarity between the

human and yeast:

1. DNA sequences.
2. amino acid sequences.
3. mRNA sequences.
4. All three comparisons are likely to show the same degree of

sequence similarity.

QUESTION 17

A haploid species has a gene on chromosome 2 which

codes for lactase. In nature, four different alleles of the

lactase gene have been identified. How many different

alleles could you find in the genome of a single individual

of this species?

A.

1

B.

2

C.

3

D.

4

1. More than 4

QUESTION 18

QUESTION 19

Rainbow Trout are known to grow rapidly in 14°C water but you

want to know whether they could be efficiently farmed in other

temperatures. So, as a fisheries biologist, you ask whether

differences in water temperature affect growth (weight gain).

Over 8 months, you will test 50 fish in 8°C, 14°C, and room

temperature water, in a controlled laboratory setting.

Which of the following represents the control group/groups in

this experiment?

1. The 8°C water temperature group
2. The 14°C water temperature group
3. Both the 8°C and 14°C water temperature treatment groups
4. The room temperature water group
5. Both the 14°C and the room temperature groups

How many of the following four potential hypotheses can be tested in this

experiment?

H1: Varying water temperature will have no effect on trout growth

H2: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth

H3: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth, such that

trout will gain more weight in warmer temperatures compared to colder ones

H4: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth, such that

trout will only gain more weight in the warmest temperature compared to the

very coldest one

1. You can only test two of these hypotheses
2. You can only test three of these hypotheses (H1 and H2, as well as H3 or

H4)

1. You can only test three of these hypotheses (H1 or H2, as well as H3 and

H4)

1. You can test all four of these hypotheses

QUESTION 20

Which pair of dotplots provides the strongest statistical

evidence that the Training group ran faster (small times), on

average, than the No Training group?

QUESTION 21

A B

C D

QUESTION 22

A particular growth factor can stimulate many

types of cells to undergo cell division. A potential

inhibitor of this growth factor is tested on cultures

of epithelial cells grown in vitro. Culture dishes of

epithelial cells are treated with different

experimental conditions for two days and the

amount of cell division is assessed by counting the

number of cells in each dish (all dishes started with

same number of cells).

1 – growth medium alone (no additions)

2 – medium plus 100 ng/ml growth factor

3 – medium plus 10 µg/ml inhibitor

4 – medium plus 100 ng/ml growth factor and 10

µg/ml inhibitor

Which claim is supported by the results of the experiment?

1. The inhibitor does not block growth stimulation via the growth factor
2. The inhibitor blocks growth stimulation via the growth factor
3. The inhibitor partially blocks growth stimulation via the growth factor
4. We cannot determine if the inhibitor blocks growth stimulation via the growth

factor

Explain in two-three sentences the reason for your choice