For all multiple-choice questions, underline your answer(s). There is only one correct answer unless the question tells you to pick more than one.

Using the maps above:

1. Which location has the highest malaria transmission?
   1. North America
   2. Middle South America
   3. Australia
   4. Northern Africa
   5. Middle Africa
   6. Southern region of East Asia (India, China, Thailand, etc.)
2. Some mosquito species prefer to bite people instead of other animals. Look at the Anopheles species map. Thinking about your answer to question 1, which species of Anopheles mosquito most likely prefers to bite humans and transmit Plasmodiumwhich causes malaria? Underline your answer choice.
   1. Anopheles messeae
   2. Anopheles darlingi
   3. Anopheles atroparvus
   4. Anopheles gambiae

3. Two people with SCT have children. Write the possible genotypes of their offspring in the Punnett square. Remember, parent gametes go on the outside and potential offspring from that cross go on the inside. Each offspring should have two alleles.
   1. Mother’s genotype
      1. AA
      2. AS

• SS

1. Father’s genotype
   1. AA
   2. AS

• SS

1. Cross the parents. Show your work in the fillable Punnett square below.

 

4. Using your Punnett square above, what is the chance that a child will have normal RBCs in high and low oxygen environments?
   1. No chance
   2. 1/4
   3. 1/2
   4. 3/4
   5. 100% chance
5. Using your Punnett square above, what is the chance the child will have SCD?
   1. No chance
   2. 1/4
   3. 1/2
   4. 3/4
   5. 100% chance
6. Using your Punnett square above, what is the chance the child will carry the HbS allele but not have SCD?
   1. No chance
   2. 1/4
   3. 1/2
   4. 3/4
   5. 100% chance

When there’s more than one condition that needs to be true (e.g. 3 children with a certain genotype), multiple each probability together to get to overall probability for all of those events to happen.

7. Using your answers above and multiplication, what are the chances all three of their children will show the disease phenotype?
   1. No chance
   2. 1/4
   3. 1/16
   4. 1/8
   5. 27/64
   6. 1/64
   7. 100% chance
8. Using your answers above and multiplication, what are the chances these parents will have two children with SCT and one with SCD?
   1. No chance
   2. 1/4
   3. 1/16
   4. 1/8
   5. 27/64
   6. 1/64
   7. 100% chance

———

9. A woman who has SCT has children with a man who doesn’t have the HbS
   1. Mother’s genotype
      1. AA
      2. AS
      3. SS
   2. What is genetic makeup of the gametes the mother can produce? (Recall: Gametes only have 1 allele for each gene in them because they’ll combine with another gamete to make a baby with 2 alleles.)
      1. A and S
      2. A only
      3. S only
   3. Father’s genotype:
      1. AA
      2. AS
      3. SS
   4. What is the genetic makeup of the gametes the father can produce?
      1. A and S
      2. A only
      3. S only
   5. In the below Punnett square, show all the possible genotypes of the kids. Recall: A homozygote (2 copies of the same allele) only makes 1 type of gamete; so, you only need to put that in the Punnett square one time (e.g. SS can only make S gametes.) That’s why there are only 2 boxes.

1. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
   1. 1 AA : 2 AS : 1 SS
   2. 1 AA : 1 SS
   3. 1 AS : 1 SS
   4. 3 AA : 1 AS
   5. 1 AA : 1 AS

 

1. What’s the probability they will have a child who is resistant to malaria but doesn’t have SCD symptoms?
   1. No chance
   2. 1/4
   3. 1/2
   4. 3/4
   5. 100% chance

———

In humans, ABO blood type is a result of three alleles: I^A, I^B, and i

• I^Aresults in A-type carbohydrates on your RBCs (red blood cells)
• I^B results in B-type carbohydrates on your RBCs
• i results in neither A nor B carbohydrates on your RBCs
• You only need onecopy of the allele to get the carbohydrates on your RBCs.
• There are 4 phenotypes you can have for ABO blood type: Type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O (this is the letter O – not the number zero)

 

10. Describe the relationship of the alleles by filling in the table below. An example is given for you.

Answer choices: completely dominant, completely recessive, incompletely dominant, codominant. Answers can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

IA is	completely dominant	to i
IB is		to i
i is		to IA and IB
IA is		to IB

11. Here are the 6 genotypes possible. Which of the 4 blood types do they result in?

Genotype	Phenotype (blood type)
IA IA
IAi
IB IB
IBi
IA IB
ii

12. A woman with heterozygous type B blood (I^Bi) and a man with heterozygous type A blood (I^Ai) are having a child. What is the chance that the child has type A blood? Show your work in the Punnett square. Use the correct notation for the alleles with the I/i. You don’t have to use superscripts if you don’t want to.

Using your pedigree above, what’s the probability of a baby with type A blood?

1. No chance

1. 1/4
2. 1/2
3. 3/4
4. 100% chance

 

13. A woman with type O blood and a man with type AB blood are having a child. What are the possible blood types their baby can have? Show your work in the Punnett square.

Select all possible blood types

1. Type A
2. Type B
3. Type AB
4. Type O

———

This is a pedigree that traces sickle cell disease through three generations oof a family. Use the pedigree to answer the following questions.

 

14. What is the genotype of the daughter in the second generation?
    1. AA
    2. AS
    3. SS
15. What is the genotype of the father in the first generation? (Hint: Use the genotype of the daughter in the second generation (the question above) to determine this genotype.)
    1. AA
    2. AS
    3. SS
16. Explain how you figured out this (father in the first generation) genotype:

17. If the entire family moves to the lowlands of East Africa (wet areas with the Anophelesmosquito carrying Plasmodium), four of the five males in the pedigree will have two genetic advantages over the other individuals in the family. What are they?
    1. Advantage one:
    2. Advantage two:

———

Imagine that you are a genetic counselor and a couple planning to start a family comes to you for information. Jerome and his first wife have a daughter with SCD. The brother of his current wife, Michaela, died of complications from SCD. Neither of Michaela’s parents have SCD.

18. Which pedigree below is correct? People with sickle cell disease are shaded in. People without sickle cell disease are empty. People will sickle cell trait are also empty (no half-shading in this pedigree).
    1. Pedigree A
    2. Pedigree B
    3. Pedigree C
    4. Pedigree D

A	B
C	D

19. Michaela gets tested and finds out she inherited one sickle cell allele from her dad (she has SCT). What’s the probability that she and Jerome will have a child with SCD?

Hint: Determine Jerome’s genotype first. Then make a Punnett square with Jerome and Michaela.

1. No chance
2. 1/4
3. 1/2
4. 2/3
5. 3/4
6. 100% chance