Canadian government departments were recently given the capability to carry out active cyber operations, that is actions in cyberspace that cause effects in other nations (as opposed to defensive cyber operations or cyber espionage). The process for carrying out such active cyber operations is complex and untested. The USA, on the other hand, has developed a policy of strategic engagement in cyberspace, that is they constantly act to control and shape the activities of adversaries. Compare and contrast these two views of how to be an active presence in cyberspace.

The article should reflect the knowledge of cybersecurity specialist in computer science. The writer is also encouraged to reflect on the ethics of cyber operations by mainly Canada but also the US from the well-known point of view of Noam Chosmky that “You are responsible for the predicable consequences of your own action”.

Write in Latex if possible, turning in the complete latex project. The references should be numbered in the order they first occur in the article. Cite the last names of all authors for up to three co-authors. For articles with more than 3 co-authors, write the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”

Example: Dantzig and Fulkerson [1] presented the max flow min cut theorem which arose naturally from their study of transportation networks.

References [Chicago]:
Dantzig, G., and Delbert Ray Fulkerson. “On the max flow min cut theorem of networks.” Linear inequalities and related systems 38 (2003): 225-231.