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  2. What elements must be established/proven in order for a plaintiff to hold a municipality liable for the constitutional violations of its employees?  What steps can a law enforcement agency take to avoid/limit/minimize this liability?  How can properly written policies and procedures contribute to this effort?

What elements must be established/proven in order for a plaintiff to hold a municipality liable for the constitutional violations of its employees?  What steps can a law enforcement agency take to avoid/limit/minimize this liability?  How can properly written policies and procedures contribute to this effort?

Posted by:David Posted on:Oct 9,2021
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Professor Notes: We start this week with the last of the major topics regarding civil actions brought for "constitutional" torts brought in federal
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Compare and contrast the Bivens action and the §1983 action.identify who/what each action can be brought against who can be sued or who the defendants can be in the action

Posted by:David Posted on:Sep 7,2021
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Description For our first class discussion: 1. Compare and contrast the Bivens action and the §1983 action. At a minimum: (a) identify
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