report must be divided into the following sections: 1.Present equations that define:

(a) the pH of a solution; and

(b) the generic meaning of p (as in pH).

2.Discuss the concept of dissociation of weak acids; present the equations that define the acid dissociation constant (Ka) and the pKa.

3.Explain the essential chemical components for preparing a pH buffered solution.

4.Explain the generic principles of acid–base titration.

5.Explain the concept of buffer capacity and present the equation that defines the quantitative measure ß.

6.Explain why buffer solutions exhibit maximum buffering capacity at a particular pH.

7.Identify the dominant buffering components of phosphate buffer (pH 7) and report the applicable pKa value at that pH.

8.Discuss the autoionization of water, the relationship pH + pOH = 14, and report the concentration of the hydroxide ion (OH–) in water at 25 °C.

9.Explain the meaning of the expression ‘strong base’.

10. Using the example data in the table below, plot the buffer capacity estimates in a single scatter plot (buffer capacity on the vertical axis, measured pH on the horizontal axis)