SECTION B
(40 marks)

3. Calcium is an important regulator of cell function.
Outline the pathways through which calcium levels inside the cell can be regulated and
what impacts elevating intracellular calcium can have in different cell types.

Describe how named drugs can modify intracellular calcium levels for therapeutic gain
in specified diseases/disorders.
[20 marks]

4. Describe adaptations evoked by long–term exposure to receptor agonists and
antagonists in clinical use. In your answer, identify desirable and unwanted effects of
the named ligands used. Describe any mitigating approaches during therapy to account
for the adaptation phenomenon and strategies to deal with cessation of medication.