Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Body: lecture questions
Organ systems are so _______________that a disease in one system may result in a symptom in another system.
The word _____________comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart”. Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures.
Anatomy has 2 areas of specialization: __________and ______________.
__________anatomy refers to as macroscopic anatomy.
_________________anatomy refers to Study of structures using microscope.
_________________is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.
Human physiology is the scientific study of the _____________and ______________ of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life
Two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures: _____________ and _____________.
Study of the structures that make up a discrete body system is called: _____________.
Study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region (such as the abdomen) is called:
The organization of the body often is discussed in terms of six distinct levels of increasing _____________, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human organism
The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism is called __________.
A group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function, is called
An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types is called
A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body is called
Label the letter A in the image below: __________
Which of the following is NOT an organ system?
Nervous system
Integumentary system
Digestive system
sense system
endocrine system
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
Intelligence
Reproduction
DNA
Reaction to the stimulus
All are characteristics of life
_____________ is the process, whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances using energy.
_____________ is the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules.
__________________ requires continuous monitoring body’s internal conditions.
Brain and some other parts of the body monitor and react to deviations from homeostasis using
Negative feedback has 3 basic components:
__________
__________
__________
______________ intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it.
Label the boxes in the image below:
__________
__________
_____________ is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward.
A body that is lying down is described in 2 ways:
_____________
_____________
_____________means the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot.
____________________ means the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella.
_______________ is a position farther from the surface of the body.
_______________ is the side or direction toward the side of the body.
_______________ is a position closer to the surface of the body.
_______________ position is a position above or higher than another part of the body proper.
_______________ position is a position below or lower than another part of the body proper.
_______________ is the middle or direction toward the middle of the body.
_______________ is a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
A ______________ is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body.
A ______________ is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut.
There are 3 planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine:
_____________
_____________
____________
Frontal plane divides the body or an organ into an _____________(front) portion and a ______________ (rear) portion.
______________ plane divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions.
The ____________________ cavity is the largest cavity in the body.
A _____________ membrane is one of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
The ______________ is the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity
The ______________ is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity
The ______________ is the serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
_____________ is a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases.
_____________ is a technique that uses the transmission of high-frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real-time image of anatomy and physiology.
A modern imaging technique that takes cross-section x-rays and generates a 3D image is a ____________.
An MRI uses ______________ and _____________ to obtain precise imaging of the patient, specifically tumors.
PET scan stands for _____________________________ and uses _____________________ to illustrate physiologic activity in the body in real time.
Number the following in order from least complex to most complex: 1 – 8
Cells _____
Organs _____
Molecules _____
Organism _____
Atoms _____
Tissues _____
Organelles _____
Organ system _____
CRITICAL THINKING:
What are the 11 systems of the human body?
How many quadrants does the abdomen have? What are they?
What is a nutrient and why are they essential for human survival? What is the most important one?
What cavity will you find the duodenum in?
Chapter 2 Chemical Foundation Of Life Flashcard Questions
Any substance that occupies space and has mass is called _______________.
An __________________ is a substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons (atomic number).
Smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element is called __________________.
The best-known subatomic particles are
______________________ that has ______________ charge.
______________________ that has ______________ charge.
_______________________ that has ______________ charge.
Please label the image below using the following vocabulary:
Nucleus, electron, proton, neutron.
The atomic particle that has positive charge and resides in the nucleus is called ________________.
The atomic particle that has no charge and resides in the nucleus is called ________________.
The atomic particle that has negative charge and is whizzing around the nucleus is called ________________.
Explore the properties of matter and elements by completing each sentence.
Atomic number
atoms, elements
hydrogens
isotopes
mass number
matter
Neutrons
Protons
Electrons
Molecule
water
Any object that takes up space and has mass is considered to be ______________.
Nonliving and living matter are composed of _______________.
The atomic theory states that elements are comprised of_____________.
Atoms with the same ___________are said to belong to the same element.
The atomic number of an element reflects the number of ___________ in each atom of that element.
The ____________ of an element reflects the number of protons and neutrons in each atom of that element.
______________ have a negative charge and are NOT located in the nucleus of the atom.
An isotope is a form of an element that differs in the number of _____________.
The bonding of two or more atoms forms a ______________.
An example of a very important compound is the combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one oxygen to form _________________.
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called _________________.
__________________ is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron mass is considered zero.
True
False
The atomic number of an atom normally tells you the number of electrons.
True
False
_____________________ are atoms of a single element that differ in their number of neutrons.
Atoms that have the same number of protons, but different mass numbers are called _________________.
_____________ ___________________ states that atoms will give up, accept, or share electrons in order to have 8 electrons in the outer shell.
The electrons on the outermost shell are called _____________ electrons.
The outermost shell of an atom is called ________________ shell.
_____________ ______________ occur when 2 or more atoms bond together to form molecules or when bonded atoms are broken apart.
_____________ are the starting participants in the chemical reaction.
______________ are formed by the chemical reaction.
Label the chemical reaction below:
___________ _______________ is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
2 or more different elements bonded together are called ________________.
_________________ are the smallest part of a compound that still has the properties of that compound and is made of 2 or more atoms.
An atom or molecule that has either lost or gained electrons
Molecule
Isotope
Ion
None of the above
When two atoms do not have completely full outer shells, they may share electrons so that each has a full outer shell. This bond is called
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
None of the above
polar covalent bond is a(an) ___________ sharing of electrons between atoms
Equal
Unequal
__________________ is the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond.
Electronegativity
Ionic attraction
Electropositivity
Polarity of water molecules causes the hydrogen atoms in one molecule to be attracted to the oxygen atoms in other water molecules. This bond is called:
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Van der Waals bond
Van der Waals bond is easily broken.
True
False
Van der Waals bond is represented by a dotted line.
True
False
Write the type of the bond in the boxes below:
If an atom loses an electron, it will have a positive charge and it is called:
molecule
isotope
Anion
Cation
If an atom gains an electron, it will have a negative charge and it is called:
molecule
isotope
Anion
Cation
Ions with opposite charges attract and form ionic bonds.
True
False
Match the statements and the types of bonds listed below:
Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds
Bonds between water molecules.
Electrons are transferred between 2 atoms creating positively and negatively charged atoms, which are then attracted to one another.
Strong chemical bond due to the sharing of electrons.
Bonds between charged molecules or portions of a molecule.
Na++ Cl– à NaCl
Bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule
Weak attraction between slightly charged parts of molecules, which are readily broken and reformed.
__________ ________________ bonds are written as H-H.
__________ ________________ bonds are written as O=O.
__________ ________________ bonds are written as N≡N.
Nonpolar covalent bond is a(an) ___________ sharing of electrons between atoms
Equal
Unequal
Water’s hydrogen bonds help it dissolve other polar molecules.
True
False
_________________ molecules cannot attract water.
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Polar
Nonpolar
A and C
Oil and water do not mix because water is non-polar, and oil is polar.
True
False
________________ ___________________ accounts for most of the properties of water that make life possible.
Hydrogen bonds
Covalent bonds
Oxygen bonds
Carbon bonds
The chemical bond within a water molecule is a ______ bond.
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Van der Waals bond
The characteristic that causes water molecules stick together is called ____________.
The characteristic that causes water molecules stick to other polar molecules is called ____________.
Match the statements and the types of bonds listed below:
Positive
Covalent
Electron
Hydrogen
hydrogen chloride
ionic, one pair
sodium chloride
Stronger
3 pairs
2 pairs
Weaker
An ion is formed when one atom transfers at least one __________ to another atom, causing a charge imbalance in each atom.
when sodium reacts with chlorine, an ionic compound called ____________ results.
The typical ____________ bond occurs when two atoms share at least one pair of electrons.
Hydrogen will only share _____________ of electrons when forming a covalent bond.
The more bonds shared covalently between two atoms, the ____________ the bond becomes.
Capillary action in a glass tube is caused by the _______________.
Adhesion
Cohesion
None of the above
Substances that dissociate in water, releasing excessive amount of hydrogen ions (H+) are called _____________.
Substances that dissociate in water, releasing excessive amount of hydroxide ions (OH–) are called ______________.
Write which one is acidic and which one is basic.
In the statement below choose which is acidic, basic or neutral.
When Hydrogen ion concentration [H+] equals hydroxide ion concentration [OH–], the solutions is _____________.
When Hydrogen ion concentration [H+] is greater than hydroxide ion concentration
[OH–], the solutions is _____________.
When Hydroxide ion concentration [OH–] is greater than hydrogen ion concentration
[H+], the solutions is _____________.
A solution which resists pH changes is
A buffer
A hydrophobic solution
An acid
A hydrophilic solution
A base
Alkalosis, cramping, and irritability can occur when our blood pH rises above 7.45. Acidosis, seizures, coma and death can occur when our blood pH falls below pH 7.35. To prevent these conditions, our blood usually has chemicals which
keep pH at neutral state.
can take up excess hydrogen ions.
can produce more water molecules.
can take up excess hydroxide ions.
can take up both excess hydrogen ions and excess hydroxide ions.
A chemistry student measures the pH of a solution as 7.1. The student adds five milliliters of an acid to the solution and finds that the pH of the solution is still 7.1. What conclusion could be made from these observations?
The original solution was buffered.
The original solution was weakly basic.
The original solution was weakly acidic.
The original solution was strongly acidic.
The original solution was strongly basic.
