Multiple choice (2 points each)

1. Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

	a.	models.
	b.	cognition.
	c.	reaction times.
	d.	savings.

 

 

2. Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person’s response to it.   a. sensation   b. transduction   c. change in intensity   d. Presentation

3. Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?

	a.	Functioning and survival
	b.	Attention
	c.	Routine
	d.	Cognition

4. Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?

	a.	It infers mental processes based on objective data.
	b.	It produces results that are too easy to verify.
	c.	It produces variable results from person to person.
	d.	It requires no training.
5. Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?   a. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages.   b. IP emphasizes stimulus–response relationships in cognitive processes.   c. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition.   d. IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition.                 Short answers (4 points each)   6. Explain how Donders’s and Ebbinghaus’s pioneering methods, though very different from each other, allowed for behavior to determine a property of the mind.
7. Describe analytic introspection and explain two limitations to this method.
8. How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning? How might cognition play a role in the process of operant conditioning? Give an example to support your thinking.
9. Describe how Tolman’s maze experiment worked. What concept was developed based on the results of this research, and how is it connected to the broader theme of cognitive psychology?
10. Describe Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model of memory and how it works. Also, describe Tulving’s components of memory and give an example of each component.