Assignment 1 RESEARCH PAPER
SUMMARY
Find a research paper from a peer reviewed journal less than 5 years old and relating to the Part 1 material. summarize (as described below). You will be discussing it with the class.
PART 2
Bioenergetics and
Applied
Biochemistry
General Overview of the Energy Systems & Thermodynamics,
Fat Metabolism: Lipolysis, Systemic Fatty Acid Transport,
Fatty Acid Uptake and Intracellular Transport, Beta
Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, and Lactate Dynamics, Cori Cycle,
Amino Acid Metabolism: Glucose Alanine Cycle
27-56
Assignment 2 RESEARCH PAPER
SUMMARY
Find a research paper from a peer reviewed journal less
than 5 years old and relating to the Part 2 material.
summarize (as described below). You will be discussing it
with the class.
N/A
KIN 221: Applied Biochemistry and Skeletal Muscle Function Dr. Wesley N. Smith
Evaluation and Grading
1)Examinations.There will be three exams. (80%)
•EXAM 1: Muscle Physiology and Plasticity (35, or
45%)
•EXAM 2: Bio energetic Pathways (35, 45%)
2)Summaries.There will be two paper summaries
•Each summary is worth 10% of your grade
•Summaries will total 20% of your grade
HIGH EXAM SCORE = 45% of Grade
LOW EXAM SCORE = 35% of Grade
Research Paper Summaries
1. Select a peer-reviewed scientific paper from the last 5 years relating to skeletal muscle or biochemistry & metabolism.
2. Read the paper (see info graphic attached) and take the time to
comprehend the research and conclusions thoroughly.
3. Write a summary of the research article in 2-3 pages using the following components:
1. State the research question and explain why it is interesting.
2. State the hypotheses tested.
3. Briefly describe the methods (design, participants, materials, procedure, what was manipulated [independent variables], what was measured [dependent variables], how data were analyzed.
4. Describe the results and the the key implications.
5. Summarize and interpret the results as related to the hypothesis.
4. Highlight, or bold, components of the paper summary derived from content you learned in this class.
The KIN department has a strict policy against retroactive extra credit. So, for example, if you have a C in the course there is nothing you can “do to pull up you grade.” Exams and quizzes are curved. A request to “do extra credit to pull up” your grade can result in removal of the curve from your quizzes and exams.
Grading Schema
Grade Range %
A+ 97%+
A 90-96%
B+ 87-89%
B 80-86%
C+ 77-80%
C 70-76%
D 60-69%
F 0-59%
3
KIN 221: Applied Biochemistry and Skeletal Muscle Function
Course Objectives: Students will be able to know, or answer, the following:
EXAM 1
1. Know the gross structure and levels of organization of skeletal muscle.
2. Be able to describe what a skeletal muscle consists of and the amount of
protein that is insoluble versus soluble.
3. Know the anatomy of the sarcomere.
4. Be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages of muscle fiber
arrangement (pennation vs. fusiform).
5. What are satellite cells and explain their function during muscle adaptation
and regeneration after injury,
6. Know the order of the events of excitation =-contraction coupling; be able to
explain it in essay form.
7. Know the steps of the cross bridge cycle and be able to describe the role of
ATP, calcium, troponin, tropomyosin, actin and myosin.
8. Describe the reflex associated with the two types of muscle spindles.
9. Define the different afferent neurons associated with the muscle spindles
10. How does the stretch reflex relate to muscle tone and muscle force production
regarding muscle length?
11. Understand, in detail, the key differences in the three major muscle fiber
types (metabolic and physiological differences).
12. In muscle fiber typing, how is electrophoresis different than
immunohistochemistry?
13. How does resistance training increase myofibrillar protein?
14. Be able to describe, in essay form, the process of myofibrillar hypertrophy and
the role of AKT/mTOR.
15. Be able to describe, in essay form, the process of sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and
the role of AMPK and the influence on PG1C-alpha, FOX-0 and NFAT.
16. Describe the role of the Renshaw cell, and differentiate between EPSPs and
IPSPs.
17. Know the AMPK influence on GLUT-4, fatty acid uptake, metabolism, and
angiogenesis.
18. What is the role of the Golgi Tendon Organs? How doe they related to
“myofascial release.”
19. How do all forms of muscular activity tend to cause an individual muscle fiber
to change?
20. Discuss training strategies to increase muscle mass & strength and the evidence
to support these.
21. Describe the flexor withdrawal and cross-extensor reflex.
22. Know the difference between qualitative versus quantitative changes in fiber
type.
23. Sprint-type training causes a fast-slow muscle fiber type shift; sprint-type
training causes a slow-fast muscle fiber type shift. How are both of these
statements correct?
24. Predict the immunohistochemical differences in muscle fiber type among a couch
potato, sprinter, SCI patient, and marathon runner.
25. Explain molecular mechanisms that regulate the identity of satellite cells and
their differentiation into muscle fibers.
26. How does increased training usually influence fiber phenotype? What about
detraining, disuse, or denervation?
4
KIN 221: Applied Biochemistry and Skeletal Muscle Function Dr. Wesley N. Smith
EXAM 2:
27. What is energy?
28. What are the first two laws of thermodynamics?
29. Be able to differentiate between exergonic and endergonic reactions and give
two, common, cellular examples of both.
30. Define oxidation and reduction.
31. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.
32. What is the Q10 relationship related to enzyme activity and temperature?
33. What enzyme acts as an intracellular energy sensor?
34. Why is the ATP/AMP ratio the major adenine nucleotide relationship that
indicates cellular metabolism?
35. Why is maximal power sustained, typically, for less than 20 seconds?
36. Be able to show the coupled reaction performed by creatine kinase.
37. Be able to write out the TCA cycle (enzymes, substrates, and products) and the
electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation).
38. How many grams of glucose and glycogen exist in the typical person?
39. Be able to describe how insulin-mediated glucose uptake occurs.
40. How does glucose uptake occur in skeletal muscle during exercise when insulin
release is attenuated?
41. Know the basic steps of glycogen synthesis.
42. How are liver and muscle glycogen different?
43. Be able to write out glycolysis.
44. How many net ATPs are generated by glucose and glycogen during fast and slow glycolysis?
45. How many ATPs can be made from lactate?
46. Where is lactate metabolized?
47. What is the difference, as described in class, between lactate threshold and anaerobic threshold? At what intensities do they usually occur in trained individuals?
48. Why is lactate formed and why, if lactate wasn’t produced, would fatigue occur
sooner?
49. What three substrates can be used for gluconeogenesis and where does it occur?
50. What are the enzymes that are different in gluconeogenesis from glycolysis?
51. Be able to describe, both, the glucose-alanine cycle and the Cori Cycle.
52. What is lipolysis and be able to describe the activation of hormone sensitive
lipase by epinephrine?
53. How does fat get oxidized, from the adipocyte to the muscle?
54. Be able to describe how many ATPs are generated from the oxidation of fatty
acids and explain beta oxidation.
55. How is glucose turned to fat and what type of fat is made each time?
56. Where does fatty acid synthesis occur (mainly)?
